阅读理解与综合填空分册续6 - 2009年研招网|2009年硕士研究生招生简章|2009年MBA招生信息

第三章阐述说明主旨和大意的事实和细节

第一节概述

1注意事项

确定中心思想是正确理解段落的一部分，但这还不能全面掌握全文内容，读者还需要找出
与主题句或中心思想相关的、用来阐述主题的细节，这样便于准确理解全文，获取具体信息。
有关事实和细节(specific details)，即针对文章中的某一句或几句话的考题在阅读部分所
占的比例最大。我们知道，文章中的具体内容都是为了烘托主题，或是为了使主题更鲜明以
便使读者一目了然，或是以例证的形式来证明某个观点正确或错误。为了迅速准确地捕捉到
所需要的信息，我们在阅读时应注意以下四点：
(1)中心内容和具体内容的关系是辩证的，只有首先抓住文章的主要内容才能确定有关具体
内容的准确位置。同样，如果对文章具体内容有较为全面的理解，就能更好地判断文章的主
题。
(2)文章的细节，即某个具体事实并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，相同性质的
事实总会在一起出现。
(3)看懂文章的组织结构对迅速捕捉到所需要的信息也同样起着重要的作用。
(4)一般说来，每篇文章都会包括如下5个方面，即我们通常所说的“5Ws”：Who，When，Where，What，Why(How)。
本类考题相对来说最为容易，关键是如何迅速准确地在一篇400字左右的文章中找到所需信
息。绝大多数读者不可能只读一遍文章就能记清每个细节问题，但有经验的读者知道某个细
节该从哪个自然段的大概哪一部分去找，这是因为他们在通读完文章后对每一段落的主要内
容有个大致的了解。考生要严格按照先通读再做题的先后顺序，切莫为了节省时间而直接答
题，这样做往往适得其反。另外，首先要把问题看清后再去文中找，要看文中哪句话和你的
问题对应，而不是哪个词。另外，文章后面问题出现的先后顺序一般与文章的顺序一致，这
多少也能“帮助”我们确定所需内容的位置。

2常见的提问方式及解题要点

要掌握确定细节的阅读技能，读者首先要了解对这些事实和细节提问的方式。在前面讨
论过的关于细节内容的提问方式大致可以分为三大类：
第一大类是以疑问代词when，where，what，who，how，how many等对文中细节提问的
方式。常见的提问方式总结如下：
1. What is said about…?
2. Who played an important role in…?
3. Where can you find…?
4. How long does it take for…to…?
5. What is the chief factor influencing…?
6. How many possible places have been recommended for…?
7. According to the passage, when did…begin to…?
8. How does…feel about…?
在做这类题目时，可遵循前面介绍过的解题步骤，先速读一遍全文以掌握主要内容，明确细
节分布的情况，然后再快速浏览问题，带着问题回到原文中找到细节所在位置仔细阅读，以便准确地找到答案。在第一遍阅读时，应当注意有关人名、地点、时间、数字之类信息，适当做些标记，以便迅速查找。
例1:
An election year is one in which all four numbers are evenly divisible by four(1944，1948，etc.). Since 1840，American presidents elected in years ending in zero have been destined to die in office. William H. Harrison，the man who served the shortest term，died of pneumonia several weeks after his inauguration.
Abraham Lincoln was one of four presidents who were assassinated. He was elected
in 1860，and his untimely death came just five years later.
James. AGarfield，a former Union army general from Ohio，was shot during his first year in office (1881) by a man to whom he wouldn't give a job.
While in his second term of office (1901)，William McKinley，another Ohioan
，attended the PanAmerican Exposition at Buffalo，New York. During the reception，he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of the guests.
Three years after his election in 1920，Warren G. Harding died in office. Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned.
Franklin DRoosevelt had been elected four times(1932，1936，1940，and l944)，the only man to serve so long a term. He had contracted polio in 1921 and died of
the illness in 1945.
John FKennedy，the last of the line，was assassinated in 1963, only three years after his election.
Will 1980's candidate suffer the same fate?
Questions:
1. Which president served the shortest term in office?
A. Abraham Lincoln. B. Warren GHarding.
C. William McKinley. D. William H. Harrison.
2. When did Lincoln die?
A. 1881. B. 1860.
C. 1865. D. 1901.
3. Who was NOT assassinated in office?
A. John F Kennedy. B. Franklin D. Roosevelt.
C. Abraham Lincoln.D. James A. Garfield.
4. Which of the following is an election year in the U.S?
A. 1982. B. 1984. C. 1991. D. 1923.
5. Where was McKinley assassinated?
A. In Ohio. B. In New York.
C. In Washington. D. In Chicago.

这篇文章介绍了自1840年以来历届在以零结尾的年份当选的总统的死亡情况，十分巧合的是他们都是死在任上的，或是死于疾病或是死于暗杀。这篇文章的特色是全文充满了具体的人名和地名。这样的文
章阅读起来一般难度不大，但需要读者相当细心。上面的这些问题都是针对这些细节的。读者只要回到原文中不难找到答案。第一题的答案是D，文章在第一段第三行有明确的表述。第二题的答案是C，这是对具体的
时间提问。首先要回到关于Lincoln的那段仔细阅读，然后需要做一下计算。Lincoln是1860
年当选总统，5年之后被暗杀，因此他是死于1865年。第三题的答案是B。这道题可以用两种
办法来做。首先根据第一遍速读时的印象回到有关Roosevelt的这段寻找答案。这段明确表
述了Roosevelt是死于疾病。其次可以用排除法来做。第四道题的答案是B。这需要根据文章
的介绍做一下计算。从文章第一段可知美国大选的年份是可以被4整除的，因此首先可以排
除C和D，然后再计算一下A和B即可。第五道题是关于地点的问题，只要回到介绍此人的段落中去，不难发现他是生于Ohio，死于New York的。第二大类是针对导致事件发生的起因、影响事件发展的因素等有关原因方面的问题。常见的提问方式如下：
1. The author describes…as…because .
2. The passage seems to say that different definitions of…are given due to .
3. According to the passage, …is most probably caused by .
4. One reason why…are likely to…is that .
5. Why does the author think…?
6. According to the passage, the problem of…partly arise from …?
7. Which of the following account for…?
在回答这类问题时，应注意文章里一些表因果关系的词语。例如：连词：so, hence, there
fore, as, for, since, because等。动词：cause, lead to, result in, result from, contribute to, induce等。介词词组：due to, because of, owing to, thanks to,等。名词：reason, factor, cause等。
例1：
Teenagers often spend hours shopping, especially on weekends. The fact that they
are doing more shopping may result in their spending more money in stores they
go to. In addition, youths often have a great deal of authority in storeselection decisions, which means that stores must attract them with an effective appeal. Although the popular belief is that young people buy products impulsively and
are less rational than the market as a whole, surveys indicate that most respondents aged 14 to 25 compare prices and brands before buying.
Questions:
1. Teenagers are spending more money because .
A. they are richer than before
B. they are doing more shopping
C. they are wasting more money
D. they get more money from their parents
2. Why does the store want to attract the teenagers?
A. Because they are spending more money.
B. Because they can often decide which store to go in.
C. Because they are less rational.
D. Both A and B.

这段主要论述了现在的商店为什么要吸引十几岁的孩子的注意力。主要是因为现在越来越多
的孩子负责购物，因此他们花的钱越来越多，而且往往能够替父母决定在哪里购物。所以，
第一题的答案应是B；第二题的答案应是D。
第三大类的问题是排除式题型。这类题目包括：
1. Which of the following statements is true according to this passage?
2. According to this passage, all of the following are true except…?
3. Which of the following is Not true?
4. Which of the following is not mentioned (included) in the passage?
5. Which of the following can best describe…according to the text?
6. All of the following descriptions of…are correct except .
7. Which of the following is true concerning…?
8. All the following are stated in the passage except that .
在做这类题目时，要特别小心题中带有not 或 except等否定词的问题，因为这些题利
用的是反向思维。在解题时，必须逐项对照原文找出须肯定的内容，方可确定要否定的内容。也就是要采用排除法，首先排除与原文内容相同的选项，逐渐缩小范围，最后未被排除的选项就是该题的正确答案。
例1：
Many people agree with the ideas and goals of womens liberation. They feel that women ought to be considered equal to men in every way. They feel that a woman
should be able to decide to stay home and raise a family, or to stay home and not raise a family, or to go out and work, or to have a job outside the home and
in family as well. They feel a woman should be able to do anything that she wants to do and can do. Other people are opposed to womens liberation. They do not
think that women should have the same jobs and the same pay as men. They believe that men should do all of the important work. They feel that women belong at home, taking care of men and children. Many husbands do not want their wives to work outside the home. Some women agree with these men. People who believe in women's liberation do not feel that it is bad for a woman to remain at home if she wants to. They believe that work in the home is important and should be respected. But they want to make sure that a woman works at home because she wants to
, and not because she can't get a job outside the home, or because she does not
believe that she can do anything useful in her community.
The women's liberation movement is trying to give women a chance to show what they can do. Perhaps a woman will find the cure for our most serious disease.
Perhaps a woman will solve the energy crisis, perhaps women and men, working together, will be able to accomplish important things better and sooner than men would if men were working alone. If the women's liberation movement is successful, we will have a chance to find out.
1. Which is not the view of people who agree with women's liberation?

A. Women ought to be considered equal to men in every way.
B. A woman should be able to decide to stay home or to go out and work.
C. A woman should be able to do anything that she wants to do and can do.
D. A woman should have a job outside the home.
2. Which is not the view of people who disagree with womens liberation?

A. Women should not have the same jobs and the same pay as men.
B. Men should do all of the important work.
C. Women should earn money to help their husbands.
D. Women belong at home, taking care of men and children.
3. People who believe in women's liberation .

A. feel that it is bad for a woman to remain at home even if she wants to
B. believe that work in the home is not important and should not be respected
C. want to make sure that a woman works at home because she wants to
D. believe women would work better than men do
4. Which of the following might womens liberation have nothing to do with?

A. Finding the cure for our most serious disease.
B. Solving the energy crisis.
C. Accomplishing important things better and sooner than men if men were working alone.
D. Stopping the wars in the world.
5. Which of the following is true?
A. All women agree with the ideas of womens liberation.
B. Some women agree with the men who dont want their wives to work outside the home.
C. All women disagree with the ideas of womens liberation.
D. Women should be allowed to serve in the army.

这篇文章主要是介绍了人们对于妇女解放运动不同的态度，有人赞同，有人反对。支持
妇女解放运动的人认为妇女应该在各个方面都和男人平等；妇女应该能够决定自己是否要
留在家里照顾丈夫和孩子；妇女可以做任何她想做而且能做的事情。相反地，反对妇女解放
运动的人认为妇女不该和男人同工同酬；妇女就应该呆在家里照顾男人和孩子。而且，很多
丈夫不希望妻子外出工作。文章最后一段还展望了妇女外出工作以后可能给社会带来的种
种好处。要想回答这五道题，只要回到原文仔细阅读，采用排除法排除与题意不符的或文中
未提到的即可。因此，第一题的答案是 D；第二题的答案是C；第三题的答案是C；第四题
的答案是 D；第五题的答案是B。