第一节 名词在句子中的作用

　　名词在句子中有几种重要作用，如做主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。它是句子中最主要的词。

　　一、做主语

　　My father is working on the farm. ／ Mary visited her teacher yesterday. ／ A beautiful ship will sail on this river tomorrow. ／ Some goods have arrived.

　　句子中的黑体字均表示“谁……”或“什么……”，即动作的执行者。
 
 
 
主语一般都放在句首。

　　二、做宾语

　　(一)He has a pretty cat. ／ The teacher can help Rose. ／ The sailor crossed the dangerous river easily. ／ Students should do their homework alone.

　　句子中的黑体字均表示动作的承受者，通常放在及物动词的后面。

　　(二)She gave John a bag. ／ The grandmother is telling the children a story. ／ The little boy brought his mother an orange.／ The wife cooked her husband a big fish.

　　句子中的黑体字均为双宾语动词的宾语，其中，指人的为间接宾语，如：John,mother等；指物的为直接宾语，如：bag,fish等。

　　三、做主语的补足语

　　My sister is a doctor. ／ He has become an artist.／ The ruins have been a famous building.

　　句子中的黑体字均为主语补足语，表示主语是谁，成为什么。主语和其补足语往往指同一个人或同一样东西。句子的动词多为系动词，主补多置于其后，句子中的主补亦称为表语。

　　四、做宾语的补足语

　　Many people now consider the family a school. ／ They elected him president. ／ All the students in that class knew their monitor a coward.

　　句子中的黑体字均为宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明，表示它成为什么，被认为如何等等。它和宾语有密切关系，通常紧跟在宾语之后。

　　五、做介词的宾语

　　I went to school everyday. ／ They are talking about the traffic accident. ／ On Friday,we always have English lessons.

　　句子中的黑体字均为介词的宾语，表示与介词有关的东西，和介词一起表达一个完整的意思。这种宾语一般跟在介词后边，和介词一起构成介词短语。

　　六、做状语

　　He will arrive here next week. ／ We have walked eight miles. ／ It is six inches long. ／ He will be back Monday.

　　句子中的黑体字均为状语，这些状语用来修饰动词或形容词，表长度、时间等，在多种情况下其前面有修饰语，有时也可以单独做状语。

　　七、做同位语

　　My friend John is a pleasant person. ／ This is Mr.Smith, headmaster of No.3 Middle School. ／ My roommate bought many things: books, pencils and stamps.

　　句子中的黑体字均为同位语，表示其前面的名词或代词究竟指什么，或对其前面的名词或代词做补充说明，如John, headmaster, 和books，pencils，and stamps 分别对friend,Mr.Smith和things做进一步的说明。

　　八、做定语

　　My family lives in a country house. ／ They are at the harvest festival. ／ He often visits the night club. ／ His uncle met a silver smith that day.

　　句子中的黑体字均为定语，修饰其后面的另一个名词，或与另一个名词构成合成词。

　　九、做动名词逻辑上的主语

　　They thought Tom’s going there a mistake. ／ Mary’s getting married will be announced next month.

　　句子中的黑体字均为动名词逻辑上的主语，表示动名词going和getting的执行者。

　　十、做分词的逻辑主语

　　Peter being ill, his mother has to stay at home.／ The sun having set, children went home. ／ She came into the classroom ,her face covered with sweat.

　　句子中的黑体字均为分词的逻辑主语,表示这是谁的情况，如Peter生病，太阳落山等。